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Abstract Background: Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been described since mid-April 2020 with the first reports coming from Europe. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of patients among the Brazilian population. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted with the participation of five pediatric rheumatology centers in Brazil during the period from March to November 2020. Children and adolescents with PIMS temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (TS) who met the definition criteria for the disease according to the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic characteristics and molecular and serological diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were described. Results: Fifty-seven children and adolescents with PIMS-TS were evaluated, 54% female, with a median age of 8 (3-11) years. Most (86%) were previously healthy, with asthma being the main comorbidity, present in 10% of the patients. Fever was the main manifestation, present in all patients, followed by mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal features, present in 89% and 81% of the patients, respectively. Myocarditis occurred in 21% of the patients and in 68% of them required intensive care. The Kawasaki disease phenotype occurred in most patients (77%). All patients had elevated inflammatory markers, with elevated CRP being the most found (98%). Anemia and lymphopenia were present in 79% and 72%, respectively. Laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 was found in 77% of the patients, with 39% positive RT-PCR and 84% positive serology for SARS-CoV-2. An immunomodulatory treatment was performed in 91% of the patients, with 67% receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) associated with glucocorticoid, 21% receiving IVIG, and 3.5% receiving glucocorticoid. The median length of hospitalization was 10 days. Conclusions: This study showed a high morbidity of PIMS-TS in Brazilian children, with a prolonged length of hospitalization and a high rate of admission to pediatric intensive care unit. Multicenter prospective studies are needed to assess the morbidity of the disease in the medium and long term.
ABSTRACT
Introdução: A vacina de febre amarela, recomendada em áreas endêmicas, é contraindicada em alérgicos à proteína do ovo (APO) por ser cultivada em ovos de galinha embrionados. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi mostrar a segurança da vacina de febre amarela em pacientes comprovadamente APO. Método: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo em hospital quaternário, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2018. Foram incluídos pacientes com APO confirmada por teste de provocação oral (TPO), reação anafilática à proteína do ovo nos últimos 6 meses, ou reação de APO nos últimos 2 meses associada à IgE específica positiva. Todos foram submetidos ao teste de puntura com a vacina na apresentação pura. Se negativo, realizado teste intradérmico (ID) com a vacina na diluição de 1:100. Se ID negativo, vacina aplicada em dose plena. Se teste de puntura ou ID positivo, vacina aplicada fracionada segundo protocolo de dessensibilização. Resultados: Dos 78 pacientes com história presumida de APO, confirmou-se o diagnóstico em 43 (30M:13F, mediana idade 2,7 a): 30 por TPO, 7 com anafilaxia em menos de 6 meses da vacina, e 6 com reação imediata após ingestão do ovo há menos de 2 meses e IgE específica positiva. Durante o TPO, 12 apresentaram anafilaxia, e os demais (18) apresentaram urticária e/ou angioedema ou vômitos. Todos os testes de puntura (43) foram negativos. ID foi negativo em 37 pacientes, que receberam a dose plena da vacina, sem reações. Apenas 6 apresentaram ID positivo e necessitaram dessensibilização para vacina. Metade desses pacientes (3/6) apresentou reações de hipersensibilidade leves e foi tratada com anti-H1 e/ou corticoide oral. O ID positivo foi significativamente relacionado à reação à vacina (p = 0,0016). Conclusão: Concluiuse ser possível vacinar alérgicos a ovo, com um protocolo seguro, mesmo em paciente comprovadamente anafilático. É necessária uma unidade especializada para sua realização, com capacidade de controlar possíveis situações de risco.
Introduction: The yellow fever vaccine (YFV) is recommended in endemic areas, but represents a risk for egg allergic (EA) patients, as it is cultivated in chicken embryos. Objective: This study aimed to describe the outcomes of YFV in patients with confirmed egg allergy. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a quaternary hospital, from January to October 2018. EA was diagnosed through oral food challenge (OFC) or recent history of anaphylaxis following egg contact in the past 6 months or allergic reaction in the past 2 months with positive specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Skin prick testing (SPT) with YFV was performed in all participants. If SPT was negative, an intradermal test (IDT) was performed at 1:100 dilution. If IDT was negative, a full dose of YFV was administered. If SPT was positive, the YFV was administered using a graded-dose protocol. Results: Among 78 patients with prior history of EA, 43 were confirmed (30 male to 13 female, median age of 2.7 years). Thirty patients had a positive OFC, seven reported recent anaphylaxis, and six had reactions in the past 2 months with positive specific IgE. During OFC, 12 patients had anaphylaxis and 18 had urticaria and/or angioedema or vomiting. SPT with YFV was negative in all patients (43). IDT was negative in 37 patients, who received a full dose of YFV, uneventfully. Six patients had a positive IDT and received the YFV in graded doses; half of them had a mild reaction controlled with antihistamines and three patients received the vaccine without reactions. Positive IDT was significantly related to vaccine reaction (p=0.0016). Conclusion: The YFV using a specific protocol was safe even in anaphylactic patients. An appropriate setting is required in order to control possible adverse events.